Environmental Product Declaration for various concrete mixes produced by xx at their yy plant in Ottawa, Ontario

Environmental Product Declaration for various concrete mixes produced by Concrete Inc. at their XXXX facility in Region, Country



Administrative information

International Certified Environmental Product Declaration


Company Description

Concrete Inc.’s XXXX facility provides services to the region of xyz.

Study Goal

The intended application of this life cycle assessment (LCA) is to comply with the procedures for creating a Type III environmental product declaration (EPD) and publish the EPD for public review on the website, P3Optima.com/epdregistry. This level of study is in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) for concrete published by NSF International (2019) and is a sub-PCR of International Standards Organization (ISO) 21930:2017 Sustainability in buildings and civil works - Core rules for EPDs of construction products and services; International Standards Organization (ISO) 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations, Type III environmental declarations-Principles and procedures; ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment- Requirements and guidelines; and ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management, Life cycle assessment-Principles and framework. The performance of this study and its subsequent publishing is in alignment with the business to business (B2B) communication requirements for the environmental assessment of building products. The study does not intend to support comparative assertions and is intended to be disclosed to the public.

This project report was commissioned to differentiate Concrete Inc. from their competition, thus generating an advantage for the organization; offer customers information to help them make informed product decisions; improve the environmental performance of Concrete Inc. by continuously measuring, controlling and reducing the environmental impacts of their products; help project facilitators working on Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) projects achieve their credit goal; and to strengthen Concrete Inc.’s license to operate in the community. Concrete Inc. is committed to sustainable initiatives that measure and reduce their effect on the environment. The intended audience for this LCA report is Concrete Inc.’s employees, their suppliers, project specifiers of their products, architects, and engineers. The EPD report is also available for policy makers, government officials interested in sustainability, academic professors, and LCA professionals. This LCA report does not include product comparisons from other facilities.

Description of product and scope

Products covered by this EPD satisfy general purpose concrete as used in residential, commercial and public works applications in Canada. This EPD reports the impacts for different ready-mixed concrete products in accordance with the following standards depending on the final product and region:

Table 1: Concrete materials and their associated standards/specifications
Portland Cement ASTM C150, AASHTO M 85 or CSA A3001
Blended Hydraulic Cement ASTM C595, AASHTO M 240 or CSA A3001
Portland-limestone Cement ASTM C595, AASHTO M 240 or CSA A3001
Performance-based Hydraulic Cement ASTM C1157
Fine Aggregate - natural sand ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Fine Aggregate - manufactured ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate - natural gravel ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Coarse Aggregate - crushed ASTM C33/C33M, CSA A23.1
Lightweight Aggregates ASTM C330/C330M
Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) - Fly Ash ASTM C618, AASHTO M 295, AASHTO M 302, CSA A3000
SCMs - Silica Fume ASTM C1240, CSA A3000
SCMs - Blast Furnace Slag Cement ASTM C989/C989M, AASHTO M 302, CSA A3000
SCMs - Natural Pozzolan ASTM C618, CSA A3000
Chemical Admixture - Accelerators ASTM C494/C494M Type C/E
Chemical Admixture - Air Entraining Agent ASTM C260/C260M
Chemical Admixture - Hardening Accelerators ASTM C494/C494M Type C
Chemical Admixture - Plasticizer & suerplasticizers ASTM C494/C494M Type F/G, ASTM C1017/C1017M
Chemical Admixture - Retarders ASTM C494/C494M Type B/D
Chemical Admixture - Water reducing/resisting ASTM C494/C494M Type A/B/D/E
Chemcial Admixture - Coloring ASTM C979/C979M
Chemical Admixture - Corrosion Inhibitors ASTM C494 Type C/E, ASTM C1582/C1582M
Fibers ASTM C1116
Pigments ASTM C979/C979M
Batch Water ASTM C1602

This LCA assumes the impacts from products manufactured in accordance with the standards outlined in this report. This LCA is a “cradle-to-gate” study, and therefore, stages extending beyond the plant gate are not included in this LCA. Excluded stages include transportation of the manufactured material to the construction site; on-site construction processes and components; building (infrastructure) use and maintenance; and “end-of-life” effects.

Concrete mix summary

The following tables provide a list of the concrete mix designs considered in this EPD along with key performance parameters.

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Table 2: Declared products with Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
1 Mix1-119090 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
2 Mix2-022342 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
3 Mix3-23423542 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
4 Mix4-23523 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
5 Mix5-23523 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
6 Mix6-214235 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
7 Mix7-23534 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
8 Mix8-346345 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
9 Mix9-23523 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
10 Mix10-34534 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
11 Mix12-we534 28 day 15MPa Normal Strength Concrete 15 17 19 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Table 3: Declared products with Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
12 Mix13-we53 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
13 Mix14-we536 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
14 Mix15-we537 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
15 Mix16-we538 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
16 Mix17-we539 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
17 Mix18-we540 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
18 Mix19-we541 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
19 Mix20-we542 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
20 Mix21-we543 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
21 Mix22-we544 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
22 Mix22-we545 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
23 Mix22-we546 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
24 Mix22-we547 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
25 Mix22-we548 28 day 20MPa Normal Strength Concrete 20 22 24 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Table 4: Declared products with Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
26 Mix22-we549 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
27 Mix22-we550 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
28 Mix22-we551 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
29 Mix22-we552 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
30 Mix22-we553 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
31 Mix22-we554 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
32 Mix22-we555 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
33 Mix22-we556 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
34 Mix22-we557 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
35 Mix22-we558 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
36 Mix22-we559 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
37 Mix22-we560 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
38 Mix22-we561 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
39 Mix22-we562 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
40 Mix22-we563 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
41 Mix22-we564 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
42 Mix22-we565 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
43 Mix22-we566 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
44 Mix22-we567 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
45 Mix22-we568 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
46 Mix22-we569 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
47 Mix22-we570 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
48 Mix22-we571 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
49 Mix22-we572 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
50 Mix22-we573 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
51 Mix22-we574 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
52 Mix22-we575 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
53 Mix22-we576 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
54 Mix22-we577 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
55 Mix22-we578 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
56 Mix22-we579 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
57 Mix22-we580 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
58 Mix22-we581 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
59 Mix22-we582 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
60 Mix22-we583 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
61 Mix22-we584 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
62 Mix22-we585 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
63 Mix22-we586 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
64 Mix22-we587 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
65 Mix22-we588 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
66 Mix22-we589 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
67 Mix22-we590 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
68 Mix22-we591 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
69 Mix22-we592 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
70 Mix22-we593 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
71 Mix22-we594 28 day 25MPa Normal Strength Concrete 25 27 29 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Table 5: Declared products with Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
72 Mix22-we595 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
73 Mix22-we596 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
74 Mix22-we597 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
75 Mix22-we598 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
76 Mix22-we599 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
77 Mix22-we600 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
78 Mix22-we601 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
79 Mix22-we602 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
80 Mix22-we603 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
81 Mix22-we604 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
82 Mix22-we605 28 day 35MPa Normal Strength Concrete 35 37 39 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Table 6: Declared products with Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
83 Mix22-we606 28 day 38MPa Normal Strength Concrete 38 40 42 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
84 Mix22-we607 28 day 38MPa Normal Strength Concrete 38 40 42 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
85 Mix22-we608 28 day 40MPa Normal Strength Concrete 40 42 44 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
86 Mix22-we609 28 day 40MPa Normal Strength Concrete 40 42 44 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
87 Mix22-we610 28 day 40MPa Normal Strength Concrete 40 42 44 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
88 Mix22-we611 28 day 40MPa Normal Strength Concrete 40 42 44 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
89 Mix22-we612 28 day 40MPa Normal Strength Concrete 40 42 44 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
90 Mix22-we613 28 day 40MPa Normal Strength Concrete 40 42 44 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
91 Mix22-we614 28 day 40MPa Normal Strength Concrete 40 42 44 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
92 Mix22-we615 28 day 40MPa Normal Strength Concrete 40 42 44 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
93 Mix22-we616 28 day 40MPa Normal Strength Concrete 40 42 44 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
95 Mix22-we618 28 day 40MPa Normal Strength Concrete 40 42 44 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Table 7: Declared products with Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
94 Mix22-we617 28 day 44MPa Normal Strength Concrete 44 46 48 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
96 Mix22-we619 28 day 45MPa Normal Strength Concrete 45 47 49 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Table 8: Declared products with Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
97 Mix22-we620 28 day 54MPa Normal Strength Concrete 54 56 58 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Table 9: Declared products with Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa considered in this environmental product declaration
Mix# Unique name/ID Short description Product type 28 day strength, MPa 56 day strength, MPa 90 day strength, MPa Target slump, mm Air entrained, yes/no H2O:cement ratio Exposure class Slump min, mm Slump max, mm
98 Mix22-we621 28 day 57MPa Normal Strength Concrete 57 59 61 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
99 Mix22-we622 28 day 58MPa Normal Strength Concrete 58 60 62 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9
100 Mix22-we623 28 day 60MPa Normal Strength Concrete 60 62 64 7 yes 0.3 F-1 5 9

Concrete mix composition

The following figures provide an approximate mass breakdown (kg per m3) of the material composition of each concrete mix design considered. Please note that the presented breakdown has been randomly altered by +/-10%, and is therefore only an approximation; this manipulation is to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 1: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 2: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 3: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 4: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 5: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 6: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 7: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 8: Approximate material composition - Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa per m3 concrete. Note: presented breakdown is approxiate to ensure confidentiality.

A1 raw material recycled content and material losses

The following table provides a list of the raw material inputs (module A1) across all products considered, their recyclability content and assumed material losses.

Table 10: Module A1 raw material inputs, the recyclability content and assumed material losses (dry basis)
product.name mix.category primary.content post.industrial.content post.consumer.content material.losses
xyz Admix Admixture 1 0 0 0.05
Gravel Coarse.Aggregate 1 0 0 0.05
Sand Fine.Aggregate 1 0 0 0.05
General use cement Cement 1 0 0 0.05
Tap water Water 1 0 0 0.05

System boundaries

As depicted in the figure below, this study considers a cradle-to-gate system boundary:

Figure 9: General life cycle phases for consideration in a construction works system. The red boundary line indicates the system scope considered in this LCA/EPD

This is a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle analysis reported in accordance with EPD Product Category Rule (PCR) v2.3 2012:01 and the sub-PCR-F, Resilient, Textile and Laminate Floor Coverings 2012:01. The following three life cycle stages are included in the study: * A1: Raw material supply (upstream processes) - Extraction, handling, and processing of the materials used in manufacturing the declared products in this LCA. * A2: Transportation - Transportation of A1 materials from the supplier to the “gate” of the manufacturing facility (i.e. A3). * A3: Manufacturing (core processes)- The energy and other utility inputs used to store, move, and manufacturer the declared products and to operate the facility.

As according to the PCR, the following figure illustrates the general activities and input requirements for producing concrete products and is not necessarily exhaustive.

Figure 10: General system inputs considered in the product system and categorized by modules A1 to A3

In addition, as according to the relevant PCR, the following requirements are excluded from this study:

  • Production, manufacture and construction of A3 building/capital goods and infrastructure;
    • Production and manufacture of steel production equipment, steel delivery vehicles, earthmoving equipment, and laboratory equipment;
    • Personnel-related activities (travel, furniture, office supplies);
    • Energy use related to company management and sales activities.

For this LCA the manufacturing plant, owned and operated by Concrete Inc., is located at their XXXX facility in Region, Country. All operating data is formulated using the actual data from Concrete Inc.’s plant at the above location, including water, energy consumption and waste generation. All inputs for this system boundary are calculated for the plant.

This life cycle inventory was organized in a spreadsheet and was then input into an RStudio environment where pre-calculated LCIA results for relevant products/activies stemming from the ecoinvent 3.4 database and a local EPD database in combination with primary data from Concrete Inc. were utilzied. Explanations of the contribution of each data source to this study are outlined in the section Data Sources and Quality. Further LCI details for each declared product are provided in the sections ‘Detailed LCI tables’ and ‘Transport tables’ of the detailed LCA report. A parameter uncertainty analysis was also performed where key statistical results (e.g. min/mean/max etc.) are provided.

Cut-off criteria

ISO 14044:2006 and the focus PCR requires the LCA model to contain a minimum of 95% of the total inflows (mass and energy) to the upstream and core modules be included in this study. The cut-off criteria were applied to all other processes unless noted above as follows: * A 1% cut-off is considered for all renewable and non-renewable primary energy consumption and the total mass of inputs within a unit process where the total of the neglected inputs does not exceed 5%.

Data Sources and Data Quality Assessment

The following table summarizes the facility’s (i.e. A3) electricity consumption and generation (if applicable), process/space heating requirements, fuel inputs for on-site machinery, and waste generation.

Table 11: Inputs required by facility from to (364 days) to produce cubic meters
Activity Value Units
Electricity consumption and generation (if applicable)
Gross grid electricity: 20000 kWh
Process/space heating requirements
Process heat 20 GJ
Fuel requirements for machinery
Propane, heating mix 400 m3
Loader, moving aggregaes, Diesel 2000 L
Waste generation
Wash water 222 m3
Hazardous waste 3 kg
Non-hazardous concrete waste 10000 kg
High-level radioactive waste 0 kg
Table 12: Recovered on-site energy resources either utilized on-site or off-site
Technology and fuel type Value Units Reovered on-site or off-site
Waste heat from … 300 GJ on-site
Table 13: Reused or recycled components/materials at the A3 facility site
Component/material for re-use/recycling Value Units Re-used/recycled on-site or off-site
Cardboard packaging 300 kg off-site

The following statements explain how the above facility requirements/generation were derived:

  • Electricity: Electricity generation and consumption values were based on monthly utility bills.
  • Process/space heating: Electricity heat requirements were based on monthly utility bills.
  • Fuel required for machinery:: Energy requirements for machinery were based on fuel purchase receipts.
  • Waste generation:: Please provide an explanation of how the above waste generation values were determined:
  • Waste generation:: Actual roadway distance to waste and sorting/recycling facilities were calculated via Google Maps. Empty returns were accounted for.
  • Recovered energy:: Recovered energy (both on and off-site) was measured based on volume and energy estimates using various metering devices.
  • Recycled/reused material/components:: The above estimates were based on case-by-case basis depending on the material/component type.
  • Module A1 material losses:: Facility-boundary material flow analysis techniques were utilized.
  • Product transport requirements:: Diesel fill up receipts from fuel station.

The following tables (i.e. modules A1 to A3) depict a list of assumed life cycle inventory utilized in the LCA modelling to generate the impact results. An assessment of the quality of each LCI activity utilized is also provided.

Table 14: LCI inputs assumed for module A1 (i.e. raw material supply)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
Gravel Production of aggregates, TYPE L RIP RAP D/50=9/US-CO/kilogram 2017 Ontario 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Tap water market for tap water/RoW/kilogram v3.4 in 2017 Ontario v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
xyz Admix Production of concrete admixture, set accelerator/RER/kilogram 2015 Alberta 2015 . Technology: Fair
. Time: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: Good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
. Completeness: Very good, up-to-date 3rd Party Verified EPD
Sand silica sand production/DE/kilogram v3.4 in 2017 Ontario v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
General use cement cement production, Portland/US/kilogram v3.4 in 2017 Ontario v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 15: LCI inputs assumed for module A2 (i.e. transport of A1 inputs)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
General use cement- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO3/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Gravel- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Sand- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
xyz Admix- freight transport via Rail market group for transport, freight train/GLO/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 GLO v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
xyz Admix- freight transport via Truck transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO3/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good, transport activities are GLO/RoW averages
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair, transport activities GLO/Row averages
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Table 16: LCI inputs assumed for module A3 (i.e. manufacutring of mixes)
Input LCI.activity Data.source Geography Year Data.Quality.Assessment
Grid electricity market for electricity, medium voltage/CA-QC/kilowatt hour ecoinvent v3.4 CA-QC v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Very good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Hazardous waste treatment of hazardous waste, underground deposit/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Loader, moving aggregaes, Diesel excavation, skid-steer loader/RoW/cubic meter ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Non-hazardous concrete waste treatment of waste concrete, not reinforced, collection for final disposal/RoW/kilogram ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Process heat heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW/RoW/megajoule ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Propane, heating mix propane, burned in building machine/GLO/megajoule ecoinvent v3.4 GLO v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Rooftop PV electricity production, photovoltaic, 3kWp slanted-roof installation, multi-Si, panel, mounted/CA-ON/kilowatt hour ecoinvent v3.4 CA-ON v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Very good
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Cardboard packaging transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Hazardous waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of High-level radioactive waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Non-hazardous concrete waste transport, freight, lorry 3.5-7.5 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Transport of Wash water transport, freight, lorry 7.5-16 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Truck and fuel type transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6/RoW/ton kilometer ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs
Wash water market for wastewater from concrete production/RoW/cubic meter ecoinvent v3.4 RoW v3.4 in 2017 . Technology: Good
. Time: Good, ecoinvent routinely updated - v3.4 less than 3 years old
. Geography: Fair
. Reliability: very good, 3rd party verfied dataset
. Completeness: very good, ecoinvent considers most inputs/outputs

Data Quality Assessment

Data quality/variability requirements, as specified in the PCR, are applied. This section describes the achieved data quality relative to the ISO 14044:2006 requirements. Data quality is judged based on its precision (measured, calculated or estimated), completeness (e.g., unreported emissions), consistency (degree of uniformity of the methodology applied within a study serving as a data source) and representativeness (geographical, temporal, and technological).

Precision: Through measurement and calculation, the manufacturers collected and provided primary data on their annual production. For accuracy, the LCA practitioner and 3rd Party Verifier validated the plant gate-to-gate data.

Completeness: All relevant specific processes, including inputs (raw materials, energy and ancillary materials) and outputs (emissions and production volume) were considered and modeled to represent the specified and declared products. The relevant background materials and processes were taken from ecoinvent v3.4 LCI databases where relatively recent Canadian-specific electricity inputs were utilized.

Consistency: To ensure consistency, the LCI modeling of the production weighted input and output LCI data for the declared products used the same modeling structure across the respective product systems, which consisted of raw material inputs and ancillary material, energy flows, water resource inputs, product and co-products outputs, returned and recovered concrete materials, emissions to air, water and soil, and waste recycling and treatment. The same background LCI datasets the ecoinvent v3.4 database were used across all product systems. Crosschecks concerning the plausibility of mass and energy flows were continuously conducted. The LCA team conducted mass and energy balances at the plant and selected process level to maintain a high level of consistency.

Reproducibility: Internal reproducibility is possible since the data and the models are stored and available in a machine readable project file for all foreground and background processes, and in P3Optima’s proprietary concrete LCA calculator* for all production facility and mix-specific calculations. A considerable level of transparency is provided throughout the LCA report as the specifications and material quantity make-up for the declared products are presented and key primary and secondary LCI data sources are summarized. The provision of more detailed data to allow full external reproducibility was not possible due to reasons of confidentiality.

*P3Optima has developed a proprietary tool that allows the calculation of PCR-compliant LCA results for ready-mixed concrete product mix designs. The tool auto-calculates results by scaling base-unit technosphere inputs (i.e. 1 kg portland cement, 1 kWh electricity, etc.) to replicate the reference flow conversions that take place in any typical LCA software like openLCA or SimaPro. The tool was tested against several LCAs performed in openLCA and the tool generated identical results to those realized in openLCA across every impact category and inventory metric (where comparisons could be readily made).

Representativeness: The representativeness of the data is summarized as follows.

  • Time related coverage of the manufacturing processes’ primary collected data from to .
  • Upstream (background) LCI data was either the PCR specified default or more appropriate LCI datasets as found in the Canadian-adjusted ecoinvent v3.4 database, 2017.
  • Geographical coverage for the cement and concrete plant operations is Canada; other upstream and background processes are based on US, North American, or global average data and adjusted to regional electricity mixes when relevant.
  • Technological coverage is typical or average – specific to the participating facilities for all primary data.

Environmental Indicators and Inventory Metrics

Per the PCR, this EPD supports the life cycle impact assessment indicators and inventory metrics as listed in the tables below. As specified in the PCR, the US EPA Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), version 2.1, 2012 impact categories were utilized as they provide a North American context for the mandatory category indicators to be included in the EPD. Additionally, the PCR requires a set of inventory metrics to be reported with the LCIA indicators (see tables below).

Table 17: Life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics
ID LCIA.indicators Abbreviations Units
1 environmental impact: acidification AP moles of H+-Eq
2 environmental impact: eutrophication EP kg N
3 environmental impact: global warming GWP kg CO2-Eq
4 environmental impact: ozone depletion ODP kg CFC-11-Eq
5 environmental impact: photochemical oxidation PCOP kg NOx-Eq
6 Abiotic Depletion-elements ADPel kg Sbeq
7 Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels ADPff kg Sbeq
Inventory metrics
8 Total primary energy TPE MJ-Eq
9 Non-Renewable Resources NRR kg
10 Renewable energy RE MJ-Eq
11 land filling: bulk waste LFW kg waste
12 land filling: hazardous waste LFHW kg waste
13 water depletion: WDP WDP m3
14 Concrete batching water consumption CBWC m3
15 Concrete washing water consumption CWWC m3
16 Concrete hazardous waste CHW kg
17 Concrete non-hazardous waste CNHW kg

A summary description of each of the impact categories and inventory metrics is provided in the following table:

Table 18: Definitions of life cycle impact categories and life cycle inventory metrics
Midpoint impact categories
Global Warming Potential (GWP) (units: kg CO2-eq) Global Warming Potential or climate change can be defined as the change in global temperature caused by the greenhouse effect that the release of greenhouse gases by human activity creates. The Environmental Profiles characterization model is based on factors developed by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Factors are expressed as Global Warming Potential over the time horizon of different years, being the most common 100 years (GWP100), measured in the reference unit, kg CO2 equivalent.
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) (kg CFC-11-eq) Ozone-depleting gases cause damage to stratospheric ozone or the ozone layer. CFCs, halons and HCFCs are the major causes of ozone depletion. The characterization model has been developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and defines the ozone depletion potential of different gases relative to the reference substance chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11), expressed in kg CFC-11 equivalent.
Acidification Potential (AP) (kg SO2-eq) Acidic gases such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2) react with water in the atmosphere to form acid rain, a process known as acid deposition. Acidification potential is expressed using the reference unit, kg SO2 equivalent. The model does not take account of regional differences in terms of which areas are more or less susceptible to acidification. It accounts only for acidification caused by SO2 and NOx. This includes acidification due to fertilizer use, according to the method developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). CML has based the characterization factor on the RAINS model developed by the University of Amsterdam.
Eutrophication Potential (EP) (PO4 3- -eq) Eutrophication is the build-up of a concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem which leads to abnormal productivity. This causes excessive plant growth like algae in rivers which causes severe reductions in water quality and animal populations. This category is based on the work of Heijungs, and is expressed using the reference unit, kg PO4 3- equivalents. Direct and indirect impacts of fertilizers are included in the method. The direct impacts are from production of the fertilizers and the indirect ones are calculated using the IPCC method to estimate emissions to water causing eutrophication.
Photochemical Ozone Creation/Smog Potential (POCP) (kg O3-eq) Ozone is protective in the stratosphere, but on the ground-level, it is toxic to humans in high concentration. Photochemical ozone, also called ground-level ozone, is formed by the reaction of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides in the presence of heat and sunlight. The impact category depends largely on the amounts of carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NO), ammonium and NMVOC (non-methane volatile organic compounds). Photochemical ozone creation potential (also known as summer smog) for emission of substances to air is calculated with the United Nations Economic Commission for 22 Europe (UNECE) trajectory model (including fate) and expressed using the reference unit, kg ethylene (C2H4) equivalent.
Abiotic Depletion Potential (ADPel and ADPff) (kg Sb-eq) The main concern of this category is the health of humans and the ecosystem and how it is affected by the extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, which are inputs into the system. For each extraction of minerals and fossil fuels, the abiotic depletion factor is determined. This indicator is on a global scale and is based on the concentration reserves and rate of deaccumulation. The results are presented in units of the reference element strontium (i.e. Sb). For the purposes of this EPD, this impact category is split between mineral elements (i.e. ADPel) and fossil fuels (i.e. ADPff).
Inventory metrics
Depletion of non-renewable material resources (NRM) (kg) This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable resources that are extracted from the ground but not including energy resources like coal, oil and natural gas. This indicator includes the consumption of metallic ores, aggregates and other minerals. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable material resources (RM) (kg) This indicator covers the cumulative life cycle consumption of renewable resources that are extracted from nature like sustainably harvested biomass. The units of measure are in terms of kilograms material extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Depletion of non-renewable energy resources (NRE) (MJ HHV) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of non-renewable energy resources like oil, natural gas, and coal. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Use of renewable primary energy (RE) (MJ HHV) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle extraction of renewable energy resources from nature like solar and wind energy as well as biomass for energy purposes. The units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted and utilzied/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Total primary energy consumption (PEC) (MJ HHV) This indicator is the summatation of non-renewable and renewable energy extracted from nature, where the units of measure are in terms of Mega-Joules of energy resource extracted/utilized/wasted in the life cycle system considered.
Concrete batching water consumption (CBWC) (m3) This indicator is defined as the direct water used in concrete mix batches. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete washing water consumption (CWWC) (m3) This inidcator is defined as the direct washing water used at the facility. The units of measure are in cubic meters of wash water consumed.
Total water consumption (TWC) (m3) This indicator considers the cumulative life cycle consumption of water required to produced the declared functional unit of a given product. The units of measure are in cubic meters of water consumed.
Concrete hazardous waste (CHW) (kg) This indicator considers the amount of hazardous waste waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.
Concrete non-hazardous waste (CNHW) (kg) This indicator considers the direct amount of non-hazardous waste generated at the concrete facility. The units of measure are in kilograms of waste generated.

It should be noted that emerging LCA impact categories and inventory items are still under development and can have high levels of uncertainty that preclude international acceptance pending further development. Use caution when interpreting data in the following categories.

  • Renewable primary energy resources as energy (fuel);
  • Renewable primary resources as material;
  • Non-renewable primary resources as energy (fuel);
  • Non-renewable primary resources as material;
  • Secondary Materials;
  • Renewable secondary fuels;
  • Non-renewable secondary fuels;
  • Recovered energy;
  • Abiotic depletion potential for non-fossil mineral resources.
  • Land use related impacts, for example on biodiversity and/or soil fertility;
  • Toxicological aspects;
  • Emissions from land use change [GWP 100 (land-use change)];
  • Hazardous waste disposed;
  • Non-hazardous waste disposed;
  • High-level radioactive waste;
  • Intermediate and low-level radioactive waste;
  • Components for reuse;
  • Materials for recycling;
  • Materials for energy recovery;
  • Recovered energy exported from the product system.

Total impact summary

The following table reports the total LCA results for each product produced at the given concrete plant on a per cubic meter of ready mixed concrete basis. This EPD was created using industry-average data for upstream materials.

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Table 19: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP ETP GWP ODP LFW LFHW ADPel ADPff TPE NRR RE NRE RR CBWC CWWC
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg 2,4-D-Eq kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg waste kg waste kg Sbeq kg Sbeq MJ-Eq kg MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 m3
Minimum 40.2 0.049 98.4 299 1.38e-05 22.5 0.00194 0.422 0.62 2260 2250 90.7 107 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Maximum 55.8 0.0656 136 421 1.88e-05 29.2 0.00255 0.561 0.843 3030 2620 119 158 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mean 47.4 0.0571 116 356 1.61e-05 25.7 0.00224 0.493 0.737 2660 2420 105 131 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Median 47 0.0563 114 352 1.6e-05 25.4 0.00219 0.484 0.734 2640 2390 103 129 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix1-119090 44.5 0.055 111 335 1.53e-05 24.8 0.00216 0.484 0.736 2650 2490 103 129 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix2-022342 47.1 0.0563 115 352 1.6e-05 25.4 0.00223 0.488 0.734 2640 2330 105 107 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix3-23423542 42.5 0.0521 105 319 1.46e-05 23.6 0.00205 0.454 0.68 2460 2360 97 158 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix4-23523 47 0.0563 114 353 1.6e-05 25.4 0.00219 0.48 0.705 2560 2390 102 108 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix5-23523 52.8 0.063 129 396 1.79e-05 28.3 0.00245 0.541 0.806 2910 2620 115 155 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix6-214235 40.2 0.049 98.4 299 1.38e-05 22.5 0.00194 0.422 0.62 2260 2250 90.7 151 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix7-23534 55.8 0.0656 136 421 1.88e-05 29.1 0.00255 0.561 0.843 3030 2500 119 118 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix8-346345 48.1 0.0582 119 364 1.63e-05 25.7 0.00227 0.508 0.779 2780 2380 108 147 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix9-23523 55.4 0.0655 135 416 1.87e-05 29.2 0.00254 0.56 0.837 3020 2580 119 114 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix10-34534 44.7 0.0545 110 333 1.53e-05 24.9 0.00216 0.474 0.706 2560 2480 102 132 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix12-we534 43.8 0.0523 106 325 1.49e-05 24.1 0.0021 0.45 0.662 2410 2270 97.6 117 0 9.89e-05 0.33

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Table 20: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP ETP GWP ODP LFW LFHW ADPel ADPff TPE NRR RE NRE RR CBWC CWWC
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg 2,4-D-Eq kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg waste kg waste kg Sbeq kg Sbeq MJ-Eq kg MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 m3
Minimum 42.6 0.0512 104 314 1.46e-05 23.4 0.00206 0.442 0.647 2360 2170 96.1 105 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Maximum 56.6 0.0672 138 430 1.91e-05 29.5 0.0026 0.572 0.882 3130 2630 122 158 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mean 50.4 0.0601 123 379 1.7e-05 26.8 0.00235 0.518 0.783 2810 2410 110 130 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Median 52.4 0.0621 128 396 1.76e-05 27.4 0.00244 0.534 0.805 2890 2420 114 127 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix13-we53 42.6 0.0512 104 314 1.46e-05 23.7 0.00206 0.442 0.647 2360 2290 96.1 138 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix14-we536 43.6 0.0525 107 323 1.49e-05 24.1 0.00212 0.459 0.689 2490 2290 99.7 108 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix15-we537 53.5 0.0645 132 406 1.82e-05 28.4 0.00248 0.558 0.848 3040 2620 117 147 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix16-we538 43.5 0.0523 107 327 1.48e-05 23.4 0.00207 0.455 0.691 2480 2170 97.3 122 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix17-we539 47.7 0.0575 117 359 1.62e-05 25.8 0.00224 0.496 0.744 2680 2430 105 124 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix18-we540 56.6 0.0672 138 430 1.91e-05 29.5 0.00255 0.572 0.856 3080 2630 119 158 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix19-we541 51.9 0.0614 127 390 1.74e-05 27.2 0.00243 0.535 0.823 2930 2340 115 117 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix20-we542 56.4 0.0663 138 430 1.88e-05 28.7 0.00256 0.571 0.882 3130 2350 120 156 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix21-we543 52.9 0.0628 130 401 1.78e-05 27.5 0.00245 0.544 0.838 2980 2360 115 105 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we544 46.1 0.0562 113 345 1.58e-05 25.5 0.0022 0.487 0.724 2630 2530 104 143 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we545 46.7 0.056 114 349 1.59e-05 25.4 0.00219 0.478 0.7 2550 2430 102 130 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we546 53.9 0.0629 130 403 1.81e-05 28.2 0.00246 0.533 0.787 2850 2420 114 113 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we547 53.9 0.064 132 408 1.81e-05 28.2 0.0025 0.555 0.85 3030 2440 118 143 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we548 56.3 0.0661 138 424 1.88e-05 29.1 0.0026 0.572 0.878 3120 2430 122 114 0 9.89e-05 0.33

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Table 21: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP ETP GWP ODP LFW LFHW ADPel ADPff TPE NRR RE NRE RR CBWC CWWC
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg 2,4-D-Eq kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg waste kg waste kg Sbeq kg Sbeq MJ-Eq kg MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 m3
Minimum 38 0.0464 93.4 281 1.32e-05 21.3 0.00187 0.404 0.593 2170 2070 88.1 105 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Maximum 57.2 0.0674 138 429 1.93e-05 30.1 0.0026 0.575 0.876 3120 2700 122 156 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mean 46.8 0.0564 115 351 1.59e-05 25.4 0.00222 0.488 0.731 2640 2390 104 128 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Median 45.3 0.0546 111 340 1.54e-05 24.8 0.00218 0.478 0.728 2610 2400 103 128 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we549 43.5 0.0528 106 325 1.49e-05 24.2 0.00207 0.453 0.661 2420 2400 96.8 105 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we550 51.2 0.0611 126 385 1.73e-05 27.2 0.00241 0.533 0.816 2910 2420 114 130 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we551 42 0.0522 105 313 1.45e-05 23.9 0.00209 0.463 0.702 2530 2450 99.8 132 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we552 56.8 0.0674 138 428 1.92e-05 30 0.0026 0.575 0.856 3090 2700 121 106 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we553 55.9 0.0662 137 425 1.87e-05 28.8 0.00254 0.57 0.876 3120 2460 120 114 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we554 55.4 0.0654 134 417 1.87e-05 29.2 0.00251 0.552 0.808 2940 2630 116 132 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we555 46.3 0.0568 115 350 1.58e-05 25.3 0.00221 0.497 0.758 2720 2460 105 149 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we556 41.3 0.0497 100 304 1.41e-05 23.1 0.00201 0.43 0.631 2300 2240 93.9 156 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we557 57.2 0.0672 138 429 1.93e-05 30.1 0.00259 0.567 0.829 3020 2680 120 141 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we558 48.9 0.0585 119 368 1.67e-05 26.3 0.00226 0.497 0.729 2650 2460 105 155 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we559 43.2 0.0515 105 319 1.47e-05 23.8 0.00208 0.444 0.654 2380 2230 96.7 129 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we560 38.5 0.047 95.1 287 1.32e-05 21.3 0.00189 0.413 0.628 2260 2070 89.2 111 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we561 38.8 0.048 95.4 289 1.35e-05 22.2 0.00189 0.415 0.604 2220 2350 89 154 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we562 44.4 0.054 110 331 1.51e-05 24.5 0.00218 0.477 0.731 2620 2340 103 129 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we563 51.9 0.0626 128 389 1.76e-05 28.1 0.00246 0.545 0.825 2960 2640 116 135 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we564 47.7 0.0582 118 357 1.63e-05 26.3 0.0023 0.511 0.773 2780 2580 109 146 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we565 44.9 0.0539 110 337 1.52e-05 24.1 0.00212 0.468 0.708 2540 2240 99.8 116 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we566 55.3 0.0646 134 416 1.86e-05 28.8 0.0025 0.546 0.806 2910 2450 116 139 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we567 40.4 0.0488 98.4 298 1.38e-05 22.6 0.00196 0.422 0.62 2260 2220 91.8 145 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we568 38.3 0.0464 93.4 281 1.32e-05 21.7 0.0019 0.404 0.594 2170 2150 88.7 109 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we569 55.9 0.0658 136 423 1.88e-05 28.9 0.00254 0.561 0.845 3030 2480 118 106 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we570 38 0.0471 93.4 281 1.32e-05 21.9 0.00187 0.408 0.593 2180 2340 88.1 112 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we571 40.4 0.0493 99.5 300 1.39e-05 22.6 0.00199 0.433 0.651 2350 2220 94 147 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we572 55.8 0.0661 137 420 1.88e-05 29.3 0.00258 0.572 0.872 3120 2550 122 125 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we573 49.6 0.0594 120 371 1.69e-05 27 0.00231 0.506 0.736 2690 2580 107 106 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we574 55.9 0.066 137 424 1.87e-05 28.9 0.00256 0.57 0.876 3120 2440 120 117 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we575 40 0.0483 97.8 298 1.37e-05 22.1 0.00193 0.417 0.616 2240 2130 90.1 112 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we576 45.8 0.0553 112 343 1.56e-05 25 0.00218 0.48 0.719 2600 2380 102 136 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we577 55.9 0.0655 135 422 1.88e-05 29 0.00251 0.552 0.814 2950 2520 116 124 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we578 40.1 0.0499 99.3 298 1.39e-05 23 0.00199 0.437 0.649 2360 2430 94.3 134 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we579 46.2 0.0567 115 348 1.58e-05 25.5 0.00223 0.498 0.756 2720 2520 106 121 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we580 41 0.0502 100 305 1.42e-05 23.1 0.00198 0.432 0.629 2310 2380 92.8 119 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we581 39.5 0.0481 97.2 291 1.35e-05 22.3 0.00197 0.424 0.639 2310 2180 93.1 139 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we582 46.5 0.0567 115 351 1.59e-05 25.3 0.00222 0.496 0.76 2720 2400 106 108 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we583 55.3 0.0656 136 417 1.86e-05 29 0.00256 0.568 0.867 3100 2520 120 107 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we584 49.6 0.0584 120 372 1.67e-05 26.1 0.00228 0.496 0.735 2660 2290 106 107 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we585 51.4 0.0607 126 388 1.73e-05 26.9 0.00237 0.521 0.789 2830 2320 111 123 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we586 42.2 0.0522 105 317 1.45e-05 23.5 0.00206 0.462 0.706 2530 2370 98.6 133 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we587 43.6 0.0537 108 328 1.5e-05 24.2 0.00212 0.474 0.723 2600 2410 101 121 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we588 44.2 0.0539 109 330 1.52e-05 24.5 0.00212 0.469 0.699 2530 2420 100 127 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we589 50.2 0.0591 122 376 1.69e-05 26.6 0.00231 0.503 0.742 2690 2360 107 107 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we590 39.6 0.0494 99 296 1.37e-05 22.6 0.00198 0.44 0.673 2420 2330 95.1 156 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we591 44.3 0.0535 109 329 1.5e-05 24.3 0.00217 0.473 0.728 2600 2260 103 149 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we592 44.3 0.0533 109 333 1.5e-05 23.8 0.0021 0.462 0.7 2520 2200 98.6 117 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we593 54.8 0.0646 133 411 1.85e-05 28.8 0.00252 0.553 0.83 2980 2520 118 141 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we594 42.5 0.0517 104 314 1.46e-05 23.9 0.00209 0.453 0.677 2450 2350 98.5 142 0 9.89e-05 0.33

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Table 22: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP ETP GWP ODP LFW LFHW ADPel ADPff TPE NRR RE NRE RR CBWC CWWC
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg 2,4-D-Eq kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg waste kg waste kg Sbeq kg Sbeq MJ-Eq kg MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 m3
Minimum 38 0.0466 93.9 281 1.31e-05 21.5 0.0019 0.412 0.621 2240 2150 89.9 107 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Maximum 56.4 0.0663 137 426 1.89e-05 29.2 0.00256 0.566 0.851 3060 2520 119 155 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mean 49.8 0.0592 121 374 1.68e-05 26.5 0.00232 0.508 0.76 2740 2370 108 140 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Median 52.3 0.0615 127 393 1.75e-05 27.2 0.00241 0.528 0.78 2830 2350 112 148 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we595 42.9 0.0521 105 319 1.47e-05 23.9 0.00209 0.456 0.682 2470 2330 98.7 123 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we596 55.2 0.0652 135 419 1.86e-05 28.5 0.0025 0.555 0.837 3000 2460 116 145 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we597 47.4 0.0571 115 354 1.62e-05 26 0.00222 0.487 0.709 2590 2520 104 107 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we598 46.8 0.0564 115 349 1.59e-05 25.4 0.00226 0.496 0.76 2720 2350 107 148 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we599 55 0.0641 133 417 1.84e-05 28.2 0.00246 0.54 0.804 2900 2350 113 121 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we600 52.3 0.0615 127 393 1.75e-05 27.2 0.00241 0.528 0.798 2860 2320 112 155 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we601 48.1 0.0567 117 360 1.62e-05 25.5 0.00223 0.483 0.716 2590 2240 103 139 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we602 38 0.0466 93.9 281 1.31e-05 21.5 0.0019 0.412 0.621 2240 2150 89.9 149 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we603 53.1 0.0626 129 400 1.79e-05 27.9 0.00241 0.529 0.78 2830 2470 112 151 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we604 53.1 0.0625 129 398 1.78e-05 27.9 0.00246 0.537 0.807 2900 2420 115 150 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we605 56.4 0.0663 137 426 1.89e-05 29.2 0.00256 0.566 0.851 3060 2510 119 154 0 9.89e-05 0.33

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Table 23: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP ETP GWP ODP LFW LFHW ADPel ADPff TPE NRR RE NRE RR CBWC CWWC
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg 2,4-D-Eq kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg waste kg waste kg Sbeq kg Sbeq MJ-Eq kg MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 m3
Minimum 39.4 0.0475 95.9 289 1.35e-05 22.2 0.00194 0.413 0.607 2210 2170 90.5 110 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Maximum 56.1 0.0666 137 421 1.9e-05 29.8 0.00259 0.573 0.872 3120 2700 122 153 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mean 46.6 0.056 114 349 1.58e-05 25.2 0.00222 0.487 0.736 2650 2360 104 127 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Median 46 0.0554 114 346 1.56e-05 24.6 0.0022 0.484 0.738 2640 2270 104 128 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we606 46.3 0.0555 113 346 1.57e-05 25.1 0.0022 0.482 0.724 2610 2330 103 113 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we607 55.2 0.0657 135 419 1.86e-05 28.9 0.0025 0.56 0.838 3020 2600 117 110 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we608 42.7 0.0511 104 316 1.46e-05 23.6 0.00205 0.441 0.648 2360 2240 95.7 132 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we609 39.4 0.0475 95.9 289 1.35e-05 22.2 0.00194 0.413 0.607 2210 2180 90.5 153 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we610 40.9 0.0504 102 307 1.4e-05 22.7 0.00201 0.447 0.689 2460 2230 95.9 132 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we611 46.1 0.0554 114 347 1.56e-05 24.6 0.0022 0.487 0.753 2680 2220 104 112 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we612 41.5 0.0498 101 308 1.42e-05 22.9 0.00199 0.43 0.634 2300 2190 93 117 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we613 56.1 0.0666 137 421 1.9e-05 29.8 0.00258 0.569 0.847 3060 2700 120 130 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we614 55.7 0.0662 136 419 1.88e-05 29.4 0.00259 0.573 0.872 3120 2590 122 127 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we615 45.8 0.0555 114 346 1.56e-05 24.7 0.00219 0.488 0.751 2680 2300 104 138 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we616 40 0.0492 99.8 299 1.37e-05 22.3 0.00199 0.438 0.677 2420 2170 94.8 123 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we618 49 0.0594 121 367 1.67e-05 26.8 0.00235 0.52 0.789 2830 2560 111 138 0 9.89e-05 0.33

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Table 24: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP ETP GWP ODP LFW LFHW ADPel ADPff TPE NRR RE NRE RR CBWC CWWC
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg 2,4-D-Eq kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg waste kg waste kg Sbeq kg Sbeq MJ-Eq kg MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 m3
Minimum 40 0.0483 97.3 294 1.37e-05 22.5 0.00196 0.419 0.614 2240 2210 91.7 146 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Maximum 44.9 0.0542 110 336 1.53e-05 24.5 0.00214 0.471 0.707 2550 2330 101 148 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mean 42.4 0.0512 104 315 1.45e-05 23.5 0.00205 0.445 0.66 2400 2270 96.4 147 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Median 42.4 0.0512 104 315 1.45e-05 23.5 0.00205 0.445 0.66 2400 2270 96.4 147 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we617 40 0.0483 97.3 294 1.37e-05 22.5 0.00196 0.419 0.614 2240 2210 91.7 146 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we619 44.9 0.0542 110 336 1.53e-05 24.5 0.00214 0.471 0.707 2550 2330 101 148 0 9.89e-05 0.33

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Table 25: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP ETP GWP ODP LFW LFHW ADPel ADPff TPE NRR RE NRE RR CBWC CWWC
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg 2,4-D-Eq kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg waste kg waste kg Sbeq kg Sbeq MJ-Eq kg MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 m3
Minimum 44 0.0539 109 331 1.5e-05 24.2 0.00213 0.475 0.728 2610 2340 102 154 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Maximum 44 0.0539 109 331 1.5e-05 24.2 0.00213 0.475 0.728 2610 2340 102 154 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mean 44 0.0539 109 331 1.5e-05 24.2 0.00213 0.475 0.728 2610 2340 102 154 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Median 44 0.0539 109 331 1.5e-05 24.2 0.00213 0.475 0.728 2610 2340 102 154 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we620 44 0.0539 109 331 1.5e-05 24.2 0.00213 0.475 0.728 2610 2340 102 154 0 9.89e-05 0.33

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Table 26: Total life cycle (A1 to A3) impact results for 28d Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa, assuming the geometric mean point values on a per m3 concrete mix
Indicator/LCI Metric AP EP ETP GWP ODP LFW LFHW ADPel ADPff TPE NRR RE NRE RR CBWC CWWC
Unit moles of H+-Eq kg N kg 2,4-D-Eq kg CO2-Eq kg CFC-11-Eq kg waste kg waste kg Sbeq kg Sbeq MJ-Eq kg MJ-Eq MJ-Eq kg m3 m3
Minimum 39.1 0.0485 96.5 288 1.36e-05 22.7 0.00197 0.428 0.635 2310 2280 93.3 118 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Maximum 45.4 0.0543 110 338 1.55e-05 24.8 0.00215 0.466 0.683 2490 2400 100 145 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mean 42.5 0.0515 104 315 1.46e-05 23.8 0.00206 0.446 0.657 2390 2340 96.5 131 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Median 43.1 0.0517 105 319 1.47e-05 23.8 0.00206 0.445 0.653 2380 2350 96.1 129 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we621 39.1 0.0485 96.5 288 1.36e-05 22.7 0.00197 0.428 0.635 2310 2400 93.3 118 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we622 45.4 0.0543 110 338 1.55e-05 24.8 0.00215 0.466 0.683 2490 2350 100 129 0 9.89e-05 0.33
Mix22-we623 43.1 0.0517 105 319 1.47e-05 23.8 0.00206 0.445 0.653 2380 2280 96.1 145 0 9.89e-05 0.33

The following pie charts provide aggregated A1-A3 breakdowns across all life cycle indicators considered for each product. First click on a desired impact category, and then a specific performance range for specific product comparisons across each category/indicator for a given performance range.

Impact breakdown plots by modules A1 to A3

environmental impact: acidification

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 11: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 12: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 13: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 14: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 15: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 16: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 17: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 18: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: acidification (AP), impact units = moles of H+-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: eutrophication

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 19: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 20: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 21: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 22: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 23: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 24: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 25: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 26: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: eutrophication (EP), impact units = kg N per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: global warming

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 27: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 28: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 29: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 30: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 31: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 32: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 33: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 34: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: global warming (GWP), impact units = kg CO2-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: ozone depletion

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 35: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 36: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 37: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 38: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 39: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 40: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 41: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 42: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: ozone depletion (ODP), impact units = kg CFC-11-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

environmental impact: photochemical oxidation

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 43: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 44: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 45: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 46: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 47: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 48: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 49: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 50: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: environmental impact: photochemical oxidation (PCOP), impact units = kg NOx-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Abiotic Depletion-elements

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 51: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPel), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 52: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPel), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 53: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPel), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 54: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPel), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 55: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPel), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 56: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPel), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 57: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPel), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 58: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-elements (ADPel), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 59: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPff), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 60: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPff), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 61: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPff), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 62: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPff), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 63: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPff), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 64: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPff), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 65: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPff), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 66: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Abiotic Depletion-fossil fuels (ADPff), impact units = kg Sbeq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

land filling: bulk waste

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 67: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 68: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 69: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 70: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 71: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 72: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 73: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 74: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: bulk waste (LFW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

land filling: hazardous waste

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 75: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 76: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 77: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 78: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 79: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 80: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 81: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 82: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: land filling: hazardous waste (LFHW), impact units = kg waste per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Total primary energy

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 83: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 84: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 85: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 86: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 87: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 88: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 89: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 90: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Total primary energy (TPE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Renewable energy

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 91: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 92: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 93: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 94: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 95: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 96: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 97: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 98: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable energy (RE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Non-renewable energy

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 99: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 100: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 101: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 102: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 103: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 104: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 105: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 106: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-renewable energy (NRE), impact units = MJ-Eq per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

water depletion: WDP

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 107: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 108: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 109: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 110: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 111: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 112: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 113: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 114: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: water depletion: WDP (WDP), impact units = m3 per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Non-Renewable Resources

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 115: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 116: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 117: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 118: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 119: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 120: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 121: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 122: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Non-Renewable Resources (NRR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Renewable Resources

Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa

Figure 123: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 0 to 15MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa

Figure 124: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 15 to 20MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa

Figure 125: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 21 to 25MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa

Figure 126: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 31 to 35MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa

Figure 127: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 35 to 40MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa

Figure 128: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 41 to 45MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa

Figure 129: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 51 to 55MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa

Figure 130: Pie chart breakdown total impacts aggregated by modules A1 to A3 across Mix designs: 56 to 60MPa. Assumes geometric mean. Impact category: Renewable Resources (RR), impact units = kg per m3 concrete. Lables on pie face are in absolute (above) and relative (below) values while outer values are relative.

Additional Environmental Information

No regulated substances of very high concern are utilized on site

References

ASTM Standards:

  • ASTM A36/A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
  • ASTM A108 Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Cold-Finished
  • ASTM A123/A123M Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
  • ASTM A153/A153M Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware
  • ASTM A184 Standard Specification for Welded Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts, Studs, and Threaded Rod 60,000 PSI Tensile Strength
  • ASTM A416/A416M Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete
  • ASTM A555/A555M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Wire and Wire Rods
  • ASTM A615/A615M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A666 Standard Specification for Annealed or Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar
  • ASTM A706/A706M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A767/A767M Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
  • ASTM A775/A775M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing Bars
  • ASTM A820/A820M Standard Specification for Steel Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  • ASTM A884/A884M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement
  • ASTM A934/A934M Standard Specification for Epoxy-Coated Prefabricated Steel Reinforcing Bars
  • ASTM A1064/A1064M Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
  • ASTM C33/C33M Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
  • ASTM C94 Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
  • ASTM C150/C150M Standard Specification for Portland Cement
  • ASTM C260/C260M Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
  • ASTM C330/C330M Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete
  • ASTM C494/C494M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
  • ASTM C595 Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
  • ASTM C618 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
  • ASTM C979/C979M Standard Specification for Pigments for Integrally Colored Concrete
  • ASTM C989/C989M Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
  • ASTM C1017/C1017M Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete
  • ASTM C1116/C1116M Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
  • ASTM C1157/C1157M Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement
  • ASTM C1240 Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
  • ASTM C1602/C1602M Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
  • ASTM G109 Standard Test Method for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments

CSA Standards:

  • CAN/CGSB-1.40 Anticorrosive Structural Steel Alkyd Primer
  • CAN/CSA A23.1/A23.2 Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Test methods and Standard Practices for Concrete
  • CAN/CSA A23.4 Precast concrete - Materials and construction
  • CAN/CSA A3000 Cementitious Materials Compendium
  • CAN/CSA G30.18 Carbon steel bars for concrete reinforcement
  • CAN/CSA G40.20/G40.21 General requirements for rolled or welded structural quality steel / Structural quality steel
  • CSA S806 Design and construction of building structures with fibre-reinforced polymers

ISO Standards:

  • ISO 6707-1: 2014 Buildings and Civil Engineering Works — Vocabulary — Part 1: General Terms
  • ISO 14021:1999 Environmental Labels and Declarations — Self-declared Environmental Claims (Type II Environmental Labeling)
  • ISO 14025:2006 Environmental Labels and Declarations — Type III Environmental Declarations — Principles and Procedures
  • ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Principles and Framework
  • ISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Requirements and Guidelines
  • ISO 14067:2018 Greenhouse Gases – Carbon Footprint of Products – Requirements and Guidelines for Quantification
  • ISO 14050:2009 Environmental Management — Vocabulary
  • ISO 21930:2017 Sustainability in Building Construction — Environmental Declaration of Building Products

EN Standards:

  • EN 16757 Sustainability of construction works – Environmental product declarations – Product Category Rules for concrete and concrete elements
  • EN 15804 Sustainability of construction works — Environmental product declarations —Core rules for the product category of construction products

Other References:

Product owner: Concrete Inc.

EPD Commissioner: Concrete Inc.

LCA practitioner: P3 Optima

Program Operation: P3 Optima

3rd Party Verifier: FirstName LastName

Original Publish Date: 14 March 2020
Updated on: no updates
EPD valid until: 13 March 2025